The Keystone Theological Library

Note 1: Journal articles, dissertations, theses, and monographs are not treated as separate format categories in this classification. They are filed under the relevant topical subject headings alongside other resource formats (commentaries, reference works, etc.) in the sections that match their content.

Note 2: Ancient texts are classified in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study” as literatures in their own right, arranged by tradition (Ancient Near Eastern, Greco-Roman, Jewish, Christian) and then chronologically within each tradition. Each corpus is kept together with the scholarship devoted to it. Works that use a corpus specifically to interpret the Old or New Testament are classified with the biblical material they serve in “IV. Biblical Studies.”

Note 3: In addition to the hard-copy resources in this library, Pastor Tim has approximately 10,900 items in his Logos Bible Software application and approximately 150 items in his Kindle that can be made available as requested. Plans for KTL include connecting this classification system to Pastor Tim’s “Library Thing” account to create a catalog of holdings for ease of search, retrieval, and checkout.

I. BIBLES

This category is for the biblical text itself in translation (e.g., complete and partial Bibles, parallel, study, and specialty editions, and Bibles in other modern languages beyond English). Original-language editions and other ancient versions are classified with their language and text-critical resources in “IV. Biblical Studies” since they are working texts rather than reading Bibles.

A. English Language Bibles

1. Version Translation Bibles

•a. Complete Bibles

•b. Partial and Select-Book Bibles

c. Apocrypha (Separately Bound)

Note: For critical editions, annotated editions, introductions, and commentaries on the apocrypha, see “The Apocrypha / Deuterocanonical Books” in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study.”

2. Author Translation Bibles

•a. Complete Bibles

•b. Partial and Select-Book Bibles

c. Apocrypha (Separately Bound)

Note: For critical editions, annotated editions, introductions, and commentaries on the apocrypha, see “The Apocrypha / Deuterocanonical Books” in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study.”

•3. Parallel Bibles

•4. Chronological Bibles

•5. Synoptic / Harmony Bibles

•6. Study Bibles

•7. Specialty Bibles

B. Foreign Language Bibles

•1. Modern Foreign Language Bibles

•2. Modern Foreign Language Bible Aids

II. GENERAL REFERENCE

This category is for works consulted rather than read (e.g., dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks, atlases, charts, timelines, and background commentaries keyed to the biblical text by verse). The test is how a work is used, not what it covers or how many volumes it runs to. A work that argues a case is classified with its subject in the sections below, however reference-like its format may be.

A. Biblical Studies Reference

1. Discipline Tools

•a. Outlines and Handbooks for Biblical Studies (General)

•b. Writing and Citation Style Guides for Biblical Studies (General)

•c. Bibliographies and Resource Guides for Biblical Studies (General)

•2. Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks

•3. Bible Topics, Categories, and List References

4. Bible Backgrounds, Culture, and Daily Life References

Note: This section is for works consulted by lookup—background commentaries keyed to the biblical text (e.g., the IVP and Zondervan background commentaries, etc.), cultural handbooks, and daily-life references. For monographs arguing a case about the Old or New Testament from ancient evidence, see “Ancient Near Eastern Backgrounds of the Old Testament” and “Greco-Roman Backgrounds of the New Testament” in “IV. Biblical Studies.” For the ancient sources themselves and the scholarship devoted to them, see “III. Primary Sources and Their Study.”

•5. Bible Atlases and Geographies

•6. Bible Charts, Maps, and Timelines

•7. Bible Difficulties and Hard Sayings References

B. Philosophical / Theological Studies Reference

•1. Philosophical Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks

•2. Philosophical Charts, Maps, and Timelines

•3. Theological Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks

•4. Theological Charts, Maps, and Timelines

C. Historical Studies Reference

•1. Historical Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks

•2. Historical Charts, Maps, and Timelines

D. Applied Theology Studies Reference

•1. Pastoral Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks

•2. Psychological Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks

E. Interdisciplinary Studies Reference

•1. Reference Resources

•2. Sets and Compilations

F. Research Languages Reference

•1. English Language Dictionaries, Grammars, and Writing Resources

•2. French Language Dictionaries, Grammars, and Writing Resources

•3. Spanish Language Dictionaries, Grammars, and Writing Resources

•4. German Language Dictionaries, Grammars, and Writing Resources

•5. Latin Language Dictionaries, Grammars, and Writing Resources

III. PRIMARY SOURCES AND THEIR STUDY

This category classifies ancient texts as bodies of literature in their own right, arranged by tradition and then chronologically within each tradition. A corpus is filed here together with the scholarship devoted to it so that editions, translations, introductions, and monographs on a given body of literature stand in one place. Works that study a corpus specifically for what it contributes to the interpretation of the Old or New Testament are classified with the biblical material they serve in “IV. Biblical Studies.” Works consulted by lookup rather than read (e.g., background commentaries keyed to the biblical text, cultural handbooks, and similar reference tools) are classified in “II. General Reference.”

A. Introduction, Method, and Multi-Tradition Collections

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development of Primary Source Study

3. Comparative Method and Its Critics

Note: This section holds methodological reflection on the use of ancient sources in biblical interpretation: the comparative method, its gains, and its abuses (e.g., parallelomania, parallelophobia, chronological snobbery, backgrounding the foreground, selective and prejudicial use of backgrounds, history-of-religions approaches, and the debates surrounding them).

4. Multi-Tradition Anthologies and Sample Collections

Note: This section is for anthologies that gather texts from more than one tradition. For anthologies confined to a single tradition, see the “Text Collections and Anthologies” heading within that tradition below.

•5. Editions, Translations, and Critical Apparatus (General)

B. Ancient Near Eastern Sources

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Cultural Setting and Religion

•4. Text Collections and Anthologies

5. Sources by Region

•a. Egypt

•b. Mesopotamia

•c. Anatolia

•d. Persia

•e. Arabia

•f. The Levant (Syria / Palestine)

6. Sources by Genre

•a. Creation, Flood, and Origin Accounts

•b. Myth, Epic, and Legend

•c. Law Codes, Treaties, and Covenants

•d. Royal Annals, Chronicles, and Monumental Inscriptions

•e. Prayers, Hymns, and Incantations

•f. Wisdom and Instruction Literature

•g. Prophecy, Divination, and Omen Texts

•h. Letters, Contracts, and Administrative Texts

•7. Iconography, Artifacts, and Material Culture

•8. Themes, Studies, and Special Issues

C. Greco-Roman Sources

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Cultural Setting and Religion

•4. Text Collections and Anthologies

5. Authors and Works

•a. Philosophers

•b. Historians and Biographers

•c. Poets and Dramatists

•d. Orators and Rhetoricians

•e. Satirists and Novelists

•f. Medical, Scientific, and Technical Writers

6. Religion, Cult, and Practice

•a. Civic and Imperial Cult

•b. Mystery Religions

•c. Magic, Astrology, and Divination

•d. Philosophy as a Way of Life

7. Documentary and Material Sources

•a. Papyri

•b. Inscriptions

•c. Coins, Ostraca, and Artifacts

•8. Themes, Studies, and Special Issues

D. Jewish Sources (Second Temple through Rabbinic)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Cultural Setting and Theology

4. Sects, Movements, and Institutions

•a. Pharisees

•b. Sadducees

•c. Essenes and the Qumran Community

•d. Zealots and Revolutionary Movements

•e. Samaritans

•f. The Diaspora and Hellenistic Judaism

•g. Temple, Priesthood, and Synagogue

•5. Text Collections and Anthologies

6. The Septuagint as a Jewish Translation

Note: This section is for the Septuagint studied as a Jewish translation of the Hebrew Scriptures (i.e., its origins, translators, revisions, and reception). For Septuagint editions used as working texts, together with their lexica, concordances, and parsing keys, see “Septuagint Old Testaments and Language Resources” in “IV. Biblical Studies.”

7. The Apocrypha / Deuterocanonical Books

Note: See “Appendix A” for a list of Old Testament apocryphal / deuterocanonical books. Separately bound apocrypha belonging to a Bible translation family (e.g., the RSV, NRSV, JB apocrypha, etc.) are filed with their translation family under “I. Bibles.” These books are canonical Scripture in some traditions and extra-canonical literature in others; this classification reflects that dual standing rather than resolving it.

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Cultural Setting and Theology

•d. Canonicity and Authority

•e. Individual Books and Studies

8. The Pseudepigrapha

Note: See “Appendix B” for a list of Old Testament pseudepigrapha.

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Cultural Setting and Theology

•d. Categories and Authority

•e. Individual Books and Studies

9. The Dead Sea Scrolls / Qumran Literature

Note: See “Appendix C” for a list of Dead Sea Scroll manuscripts. For the Scrolls as witnesses to the text of the Hebrew Bible, see “Text Collections and Manuscript Histories” under “Bible Texts, Manuscripts, and Canon Formation” in “IV. Biblical Studies.”

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Cultural Setting and Theology

d. Categories and Authority

•i. Biblical Texts

•ii. Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Texts

•iii. Commentary Texts

•iv. Sectarian Texts

•v. Collections

10. Philo of Alexandria

Note: See “Appendix D” for a list of Philo’s works.

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Cultural Setting and Theology

•d. Works

11. Josephus

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Cultural Setting and Theology

d. Works

•i. The Jewish War

•ii. Antiquities of the Jews

•iii. Against Apion

•iv. The Life

12. Targums (Interpretations within Translations)

Note: For the Targums as witnesses to the text of the Hebrew Bible, see “Text Collections and Manuscript Histories” under “Bible Texts, Manuscripts, and Canon Formation” in “IV. Biblical Studies.”

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Cultural Setting and Theology

•d. Categories and Authority

e. Works

•i. Targum Onqelos of the Pentateuch

•ii. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (Jerusalem Targum I) of the Pentateuch

•iii. The Fragment Targums (Jerusalem Targum II) of the Pentateuch

•iv. Targum Neofiti of the Pentateuch

•v. Targum (Jonathan) of the Prophets

•vi. Targum of the Writings

•vii. Targumic Tosefta

13. Rabbinic Literature

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Cultural Setting and Theology

d. Mishnah

Note: See “Appendix E” for a list of the Mishnah’s orders and tractates.

e. Tosefta

Note: See “Appendix F” for a list of the Tosefta’s orders and tractates.

f. Talmud

i. Babylonian Talmud

Note: See “Appendix G” for a list of the Babylonian Talmud’s orders and tractates.

ii. Jerusalem Talmud

Note: See “Appendix H” for a list of the Jerusalem Talmud’s orders and tractates.

•iii. Later Minor Tractates

g. Midrashim

Note: See “Appendix I” for a list of rabbinic midrashim.

•h. Rabbinic Interpretation and Hermeneutics

14. Later Jewish Writings (Medieval and Modern)

Note: This section is for post-rabbinic Jewish literature treated as a literature in its own right—the writings themselves and the scholarship devoted to them. For the history, practice, and institutions of the Jewish people in these same periods, see “Judaism” in “VII. Historical Studies.”

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Geonic and Medieval Halakhic Writings

•d. Medieval Jewish Bible Commentary

•e. Medieval Jewish Philosophy

•f. Kabbalah and Mystical Writings

•g. Hasidic Writings

•h. Modern and Contemporary Jewish Thought

•15. Inscriptions, Papyri, and Material Culture

•16. Themes, Studies, and Special Issues

E. Early Christian/Patristic Era Sources (to ca. AD 750)

Note: The patristic era is taken to close with John of Damascus (d. ca. 749) in the East and with Gregory the Great (d. 604) and Isidore of Seville (d. 636) in the West; writers after that boundary are classified under “Medieval Christian Sources” below. Where a figure straddles the line, file by the author rather than by the individual work.

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Cultural Setting and Theology

•4. Text Collections and Anthologies

5. The Apostolic Fathers

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. 1 Clement

•c. 2 Clement

•d. The Letters of Ignatius

•e. The Letter of Polycarp

•f. The Martyrdom of Polycarp

•g. The Didache

•h. The Epistle of Barnabas

•i. The Shepherd of Hermas

•j. The Epistle to Diognetus

•k. The Fragments of Papias

•l. The Fragments of Quadratus

6. New Testament Apocryphal Writings

Note: See “Appendix J” for a list of New Testament apocryphal books.

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. Apocryphal Gospels

•c. Apocryphal Acts

•d. Apocryphal Epistles

•e. Apocryphal Apocalypses

7. Gnostic and Nag Hammadi Writings

Note: Nag Hammadi texts belonging to the apocryphal gospel, acts, epistle, and apocalypse genres (i.e., the Gospels of Thomas, Judas, Mary, Philip, and the Egyptians, the Apocalypse of Adam, the two Apocalypses of James, and the Letter of Peter to Philip) are classified under “New Testament Apocryphal Writings” above and listed in “Appendix J.” This section is for the remainder of the Gnostic corpus (i.e., the Gospel of Truth, the Apocryphon of John, the Tripartite Tractate, Pistis Sophia, the Books of Jeu, and the like), for the Nag Hammadi codices treated as a collection, and for scholarship on Gnosticism.

•8. Apologists and Ante-Nicene Writings

9. Nicene and Post-Nicene Writings

•a. Greek Fathers

•b. Latin Fathers

•c. Syriac and Eastern Fathers

•10. Creeds, Councils, and Conciliar Acts

•11. Liturgies, Church Orders, and Devotional Texts

•12. Martyrologies and Hagiography

•13. Inscriptions, Papyri, and Material Artifacts

•14. Themes, Studies, and Special Issues

F. Medieval Christian Sources (ca. 750–1500)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Text Collections and Anthologies

•4. Eastern and Byzantine Writings

•5. Western and Latin Writings

•6. Monastic and Mystical Writings

•7. Scholastic Writings

•8. Canon Law, Councils, and Papal Documents

•9. Liturgical and Devotional Texts

•10. Manuscripts, Inscriptions, and Material Artifacts

•11. Themes, Studies, and Special Issues

G. Reformation Era Sources (1500–1650)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Text Collections and Anthologies

•4. Lutheran Writings

•5. Reformed Writings

•6. Anabaptist and Radical Writings

•7. Anglican Writings

•8. Roman Catholic and Counter-Reformation Writings

•9. Confessions, Catechisms, and Church Orders

•10. Printed Books, Broadsheets, and Material Artifacts

•11. Themes, Studies, and Special Issues

H. Post-Reformation and Modern Sources (1650–Present)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Text Collections and Anthologies

•4. Puritan and Pietist Writings

•5. Revival and Awakening Writings

•6. Confessional, Denominational, and Conciliar Documents

•7. Missionary and Global Christian Writings

•8. Modern Ecumenical Documents

•9. Archival, Congregational, and Personal Papers

•10. Themes, Studies, and Special Issues

IV. BIBLICAL STUDIES

This category is for scholarship whose subject is the biblical text—its languages, transmission, interpretation, individual books, and theology. Works consulted by lookup are classified in “II. General Reference”; ancient literature studied for its own sake is classified in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study.” The test is whether the author’s argument is about the Bible or the corpus it draws upon.

A. Bible Texts, Manuscripts, and Canon Formation

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Bible / Canon Formation

4. Text Collections and Manuscript Histories

Note: This section is for manuscripts and versions treated as witnesses to the biblical text. The same bodies of literature considered in their own right (i.e., the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Targums, the Septuagint as a Jewish translation) are classified in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study.”

a. Old Testament

•i. Masoretic Text

•ii. Septuagint

•iii. Samaritan Pentateuch

•iv. Targums

•v. Peshitta (Old Testament)

•vi. Dead Sea Scrolls

b. New Testament

•i. Syriac Translations (Old, Peshitta, Later)

•ii. Latin Translations (Old, Vulgate, Later)

•iii. Coptic Translations (Sahidic, Bohairic, and Other Dialects)

•iv. Gothic Translations

•v. Armenian Translations

•vi. Georgian Translations

•vii. Ethiopian Translations

•viii. Persian Translations

•ix. Arabic Translations

•5. Textual Criticism (Lower Criticism)

•6. Textual Apparatuses

B. Bible Translation Theory and Approaches

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Language and Translation Theory

•4. Translation Issues and Controversies

C. Hebrew Old Testaments and Language Resources

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. Hebrew Old Testaments

•3. Hebrew Old Testament Parallel Bibles

•4. Hebrew Old Testament Interlinear Bibles

•5. Hebrew Old Testament Analytical / Parsing Keys

•6. Hebrew Old Testament Dictionaries

•7. Hebrew Old Testament Concordances

8. Biblical Hebrew Language Studies

•a. Introductory Hebrew Grammars

•b. Syntax / Intermediate and Advanced Hebrew Grammars

•c. Hebrew Vocabulary Development Resources

9. Biblical Aramaic Language Studies

•a. Introductory Aramaic Grammars

•b. Syntax / Intermediate and Advanced Aramaic Grammars

•c. Aramaic Vocabulary Development Resources

D. Greek New Testaments and Language Resources

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. Greek New Testaments

•3. Greek New Testament Parallel Bibles

•4. Greek New Testaments Interlinear Bibles

•5. Greek New Testament Analytical / Parsing Keys

•6. Greek New Testament Dictionaries

•7. Greek New Testament Concordances

8. Biblical Greek Language Studies

•a. Introductory Greek Grammars

•b. Syntax / Intermediate and Advanced Greek Grammars

•c. Greek Vocabulary Development Resources

E. Septuagint Old Testaments and Language Resources

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. Septuagint Old Testaments

•3. Septuagint Old Testament Parallel Bibles

•4. Septuagint Old Testament Interlinear Bibles

•5. Septuagint Old Testament Analytical / Parsing Keys

•6. Septuagint Old Testament Dictionaries

•7. Septuagint Old Testament Concordances

•8. Septuagint Old Testament Language Resources

G. Biblical Archaeology

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Old Testament Archaeology

•4. Intertestamental Archaeology

•5. New Testament Archaeology

•6. Special Issues in Archaeology

H. Bible Interpretation

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. General Hermeneutics, Exegesis, and Interpretation

•4. Lexical Semantics and Word Studies

5. Literary Forms, Genres, and Devices

Note: This section treats literary features synchronically (i.e., the forms, genres, and devices of the biblical text in its final shape) as an aid to reading. For genre analysis used diachronically (i.e., as an index to a text’s oral prehistory and social setting), see “Form Criticism” under “Critical Disciplines” below. So, for example, for the exegesis of individual parables, see “Parables Jesus Told” under “The Life of Christ” below; the theory of parable as a literary genre belongs here.

6. Critical Disciplines (Higher Criticism)

•a. Historical Criticism (Analyzing the Compositional Setting of Texts)

•b. Source Criticism (Hypothesizing Written Precursors to Texts)

•d. Tradition Criticism (Analyzing How Texts Changed over Time to Final Form)

•e. Redaction Criticism (Tracing How a Redactor Collected and Edited Texts)

•f. Literary Criticism (Uncovering the Intended Layout and Patterning of Texts)

•g. Rhetorical Criticism (Analyzing Texts as Dynamic Vehicles of Persuasion)

•h. Narrative Criticism (Reading Texts as a Unified Story with Plot, Character, etc.)

•i. Canonical Criticism (Reading Texts as the Final Form of a Unified Whole)

•j. Deconstruction Criticism (Unmasking Bias, Contradictions, Aporia in Texts)

•l. Feminist / Ideological Criticism (Reading Texts via Gender, Power, Status)

•m. Reader-Response Criticism (Analyzing Reader’s Role in Creating Meaning)

•7. Single-Volume Commentaries, Overviews, and Summaries (Full Bible)

I. The Old Testament

1. Introduction and Overview

•a. Old Testament Introductions and Surveys

•b. Old Testament Hermeneutics, Exegesis, and Interpretation

c. Ancient Near Eastern Backgrounds of the Old Testament

Note: This section is for Old Testament scholarship that draws on Ancient Near Eastern material: comparative studies, treatments of Israel among the nations, and works on the relationship of the Old Testament to its environment. The Ancient Near Eastern sources themselves, and their study as literature in their own right, are classified under “Ancient Near Eastern Sources” in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study.”

•d. History, Literature, and Religion of Israel

2. Old Testament Books

•a. Single-Volume Commentaries, Overviews, and Summaries

•b. Multi-Volume Commentary Sets

c. Pentateuch / Torah

•i. Introduction and Overview

•ii. Genesis

•iii. Exodus

•iv. Leviticus

•v. Numbers

•vi. Deuteronomy

d. Historical Books

•i. Introduction and Overview

•ii. Joshua

•iii. Judges

•iv. Ruth

•v. 1 Samuel

•vi. 2 Samuel

•vii. 1 Kings

•viii. 2 Kings

•ix. 1 Chronicles

•x. 2 Chronicles

•xi. Ezra

•xii. Nehemiah

•xiii. Esther

e. Poetic / Wisdom Books

•i. Introduction and Overview

•ii. Job

•iii. Psalms

•iv. Proverbs

•v. Ecclesiastes

•vi. Song of Solomon

f. Major Prophets

•i. Introduction and Overview

•ii. Isaiah

•iii. Jeremiah

•iv. Lamentations

•v. Ezekiel

•vi. Daniel

g. Minor Prophets

•i. Introduction and Overview

•ii. Hosea

•iii. Joel

•iv. Amos

•v. Obadiah

•vi. Jonah

•vii. Micah

•viii. Nahum

•ix. Habakkuk

•x. Zephaniah

•xi. Haggai

•xii. Zechariah

•xiii. Malachi

•3. Old Testament Theology

4. Old Testament Themes, Studies, Characters, and Special Issues

•a. Historicity / Reliability of the Old Testament

•b. Challenges to God’s Character in the Old Testament

•c. The Patriarchs

•d. The Decalogue

•e. Old Testament Law

•f. Cultic Ritual Theory and Laws

•g. The Tabernacle

•h. The Temple

•i. Additional Themes, Studies, Characters, and Special Issues

J. The Intertestament

Note: The literature of this period—the Apocrypha and Deuterocanonical books, the Pseudepigrapha, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Josephus, the Targums, and the rabbinic corpora—is classified under “Jewish Sources (Second Temple through Rabbinic)” in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study,” where it is treated as a literature in its own right rather than as background to the New Testament. This section is retained for scholarship on the intertestamental period as the bridge between the testaments.

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History of the Second Temple Period

•3. Continuity and Discontinuity between the Testaments

K. The New Testament

1. Introduction and Overview

•a. New Testament Introductions and Surveys

•b. New Testament Hermeneutics, Exegesis, and Interpretation

c. Greco-Roman Backgrounds of the New Testament

Note: This section is for New Testament scholarship that draws on Greco-Roman material. The Greco-Roman sources themselves are classified under “Greco-Roman Sources” in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study.”

d. Jewish Backgrounds of the New Testament

Note: This section is for New Testament scholarship that draws on Second Temple and rabbinic Jewish material. The Jewish sources themselves—including the Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud, and Midrashim—are classified under “Jewish Sources (Second Temple through Rabbinic)” in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study.”

2. New Testament Books

•a. Single-Volume Commentaries, Overviews, and Summaries

•b. Multi-Volume Commentary Sets

c. The Gospels

•i. Introduction and Overview

•ii. The Synoptic Problem

•iii. Matthew

•iv. Mark

•v. Luke

•vi. John

d. The Historical Narrative

•i. Introduction and Overview

•ii. Acts

e. The Pauline Epistles

•i. Introduction and Overview

•ii. Romans

•iii. 1 Corinthians

•iv. 2 Corinthians

•v. Galatians

•vi. Ephesians

•vii. Philippians

•viii. Colossians

•ix. 1 Thessalonians

•x. 2 Thessalonians

•xi. 1 Timothy

•xii. 2 Timothy

•xiii. Titus

•xiv. Philemon

f. The General Epistles

•i. Introduction and Overview

•ii. Hebrews

•iii. James

•iv. 1 Peter

•v. 2 Peter

•vi. 1 John

•vii. 2 John

•viii. 3 John

•ix. Jude

g. The Apocalypse

•i. Introduction and Overview

•ii. Revelation

•3. New Testament Theology

4. New Testament Themes, Studies, and Special Issues

•a. The New Testament Use of the Old Testament

•b. Continuity / Discontinuity from the Old Testament to the New Testament

•c. Jesus, Paul, and the Old Testament Law

•d. Covenant, Kingdom, and Spirit

e. The Life of Christ

Note: This section is for exegetical, biographical, and/or narrative treatments (descriptive). See the “Christology” section in “V. Theological Studies” for doctrinal and/or systematic treatments (prescriptive).

•i. Full-Life Biographies / Portrayals

•ii. Infancy Narratives / Christmas

iii. Teachings

•I. Sermon on the Mount (Full)

•II. Beatitudes

•III. The Lord’s Prayer

•IV. Additional Ethical Teachings

•V. Questions Jesus Asked

VI. Parables Jesus Told

Note: This section is for the exegesis and exposition of individual parables. For the theory of parable as a literary genre, see “Literary Forms, Genres, and Devices” under “Bible Interpretation” above.

•VII. Self-Declarations of Jesus

•VIII. Eschatological Teachings

•IX. Hard Sayings

•iv. Discourse Encounters

•v. Healings / Miracles / Exorcisms

•vi. Transfiguration

•vii. Trials

•viii. Crucifixion

•ix. Words from the Cross

•x. Burial

•xi. Shroud of Turin

•xii. Resurrection

•xiii. Post-Resurrection

•xiv. Ascension

•f. Mary

•g. The Apostles

•h. Paul and Pauline Theology

•i. Peter and Petrine Theology

•j. John and Johannine Theology

•k. New Testament Eschatology

5. New Testament Apocryphal Books

Note: These writings are classified under “New Testament Apocryphal Writings” in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study,” together with the Apostolic Fathers and the other early Christian sources. See “Appendix J” for a list. This section is retained for New Testament scholarship engaging the apocryphal material—canon-formation debates, comparative studies, and treatments of the apocryphal gospels in relation to the four canonical gospels.

L. Biblical Theology

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. Issues, Methods, and Themes

•3. Biblical Theologies (Genesis–Revelation)

4. Redemptive History Frameworks

•a. Covenantalism

•b. Dispensationalism

•c. New Covenant Theology

•d. Redemptive-Historical Metanarrative

•5. Christ in the Old Testament

•6. Biblical Theology by Theme or Topic

7. Controversial Issues in Biblical Theology

Note: For the normative and applied treatment of these same issues, see “VI. Ethics and Public Faith.”

•a. The Bible and Slavery

•b. The Bible and Women

•c. The Bible and Homosexuality

•d. The Bible and Racism

•e. The Bible and Antisemitism

•f. The Bible and Supersessionism

V. THEOLOGICAL STUDIES

This category is for the doctrinal and systematic treatment of Christian teaching, together with the philosophy that serves it, the apologetics that defends it, and the history of its development. Exegetical and descriptive treatments of the same topics are classified in “IV. Biblical Studies”; the application of doctrine to conduct and policy is classified in “VI. Ethics and Public Faith.”

A. Philosophy for Understanding Theology

1. General

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Approaches and Critiques

2. Branches of Philosophy

•a. Epistemology

•b. Logic

•c. Metaphysics

•d. Ethics (Theoretical)

•e. Aesthetics (Theoretical)

•f. Semiotics (Theoretical)

•3. Philosophy of Religion / Theology

•4. Philosophy and Christianity

B. Theological Prolegomena

1. General

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Approaches and Critiques

•2. The Being and Knowability of God

•3. The Nature, Methods, and Categories of Theology

4. The Sources of Theology

a. Natural Theology

•i. Rational Arguments

•ii. Religious Experiences

b. Revealed Theology

•i. Scripture—The Written Word of God

•ii. Jesus Christ—The Living Word of God

•5. Revelation, Inspiration, Canon, and Authority (Bibliology)

•6. Creeds, Theological Traditions, and Doctrine

C. Dogmatic / Systematic Theology

1. General

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Approaches and Critiques

•2. Full Treatments / Compilations of Systematic Theology

3. Theology Proper

•a. God’s Existence, Names, and Attributes

•b. The Triune God—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit

c. Creation

•i. The Visible Realm (The Cosmos and Everything in It)

•ii. The Invisible Realm (Divine Council, Angels, Satan, Demons, etc.)

d. Providence

•i. Divine Sovereignty and Human Agency

•ii. General and Special Providence

•iii. Miracles

•iv. Prayer

4. Angelology and Demonology

Note: This section is for the doctrine of angels, Satan, and the demonic. For the practice of spiritual conflict in ministry, see “Spiritual Warfare” under “Christian Ministry (Local Parish)” in “VIII. Applied Theology.”

•a. The Angelic Host

•b. Satan and the Demonic

•c. The Doctrine of Spiritual Conflict

5. Anthropology

•a. Created in the Image of God

•b. Created Male and Female

•c. Created with a Purpose and a Telos

•d. Sin and the Fall of Humanity (Hamartiology)

•e. God’s Covenants with Humanity

6. Christology

Note: This section is for doctrinal and/or systematic treatments (prescriptive). See “The Life of Christ” section in “IV. Biblical Studies” for exegetical, biographical, and/or narrative treatments (descriptive).

a. The Person of Christ

i. The Humanity of Christ

•I. Virgin Conception / Incarnation

•II. Human Weaknesses and Limitations (Kenosis)

•III. Sinlessness of Christ

•IV. Rationale for Full Humanity

ii. The Deity of Christ

•I. Preexistence of Christ

•II. Explicit and Implicit Claims

•III. Divine Attributes

•IV. Rationale for Full Deity

iii. The Hypostatic Union

•I. Dual Nature Controversies

•II. Chalcedonian Resolution

•III. Subsequent Developments

b. The Work of Christ

i. His Teaching Ministry

•I. The Gospel of the Kingdom

•II. Ethical Teachings

•III. Eschatological Pronouncements

ii. His Healing Ministry

•I. Physical Healings

•II. Exorcisms

•III. Resurrections

iii. His Redemptive Ministry

•I. Suffering

•II. Death

•III. Burial

•IV. Harrowing of Hell / Hades

•V. Resurrection

•VI. Ascension

•VII. Session

iv. His Eternal Ministry (Offices)

•I. Prophet

•II. Priest

•III. King

7. Soteriology

a. Accomplishment of Redemption

•i. The Necessity of the Atonement

•ii. The Nature of the Atonement

•iii. The Extent of the Atonement

b. Application of Redemption

•i. The Order of Application (Ordo Salutis)

•ii. Election, Predestination, Effectual Call, and Regeneration

•iii. Faith and Repentance

iv. Aspects / Images of Salvation

•I. Justification

•II. Adoption

•III. Reconciliation

•IV. Union with Christ

•V. Additional Aspects / Images

•v. Sanctification and Growth in Grace

•vi. Perseverance in Faith

8. Pneumatology

•a. The Personhood of the Holy Spirit

b. The Roles of the Holy Spirit

•i. To Create and Order

•ii. To Draw and Regenerate

•iii. To Indwell and Seal

•iv. To Comfort and Help

•v. To Intercede and Assure

•vi. To Convict and Purify

•vii. To Sanctify and Unify

•viii. To Gift and Empower

•ix. To Illuminate and Guide

9. Ecclesiology

•a. The Nature and Purpose of the Church

•b. The Message and Ministries of the Church

c. The Sacraments / Ordinances of the Church

•i. Baptism

•ii. Holy Communion

•iii. Additional Sacraments by Tradition

•iv. Sacramentals

•d. The Discipline and Governance of the Church

•e. The Mission of the Church

10. Eschatology

a. Personal Eschatology

•i. Human Death

•ii. The Intermediate State

•iii. Resurrection of the Body

iv. Judgment and Eternal Dwelling

•I. Glorification / Theosis

•II. Perdition / Ruin

b. Cosmic Eschatology

•i. Views on End-Time Events

•ii. Views on the Return of Christ

•iii. Views on the Reign / Restoration of Christ

•iv. Views on the Eternal State / New Heavens and New Earth

D. Contextual Theology

Note: For the ethical and/or political application of these perspectives, see the “Social Ethics (Communities)” and “Political Ethics (Policies)” sections in “VI. Ethics and Public Faith.” For general cultural engagement and critique, see the “Christian Faith and Culture” section in “VIII. Applied Theology.” This section is for constructive theological reflection done from within particular social, cultural, or experiential contexts.

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. Models and Methods of Contextualization

3. Liberation Theologies

•a. Latin American Liberation Theology

•b. Black / African American Theology

•c. Feminist Theology

•d. Womanist Theology

•e. Mujerista Theology

•f. Minjung Theology (Korean)

•g. Dalit Theology (South Asian)

4. Majority World and Postcolonial Theologies

•a. African Theology

•b. Asian Theology

•c. Latin American Theology (Non-Liberationist)

•d. Postcolonial Theology

•5. Political and Public Theology

•6. Ecological / Creation-Care Theology

•7. Disability Theology

E. Apologetics

1. General

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History and Development

•c. Approaches and Critiques

•2. Full Treatments / Compilations of Apologetics

3. Defensive (Negative) Apologetics—Answering Objections to Christian Claims

a. Objections to Theism in General

•i. The Problem of Evil and Suffering

•ii. The Problem of God’s Seeming Hiddenness

•iii. The Problem of Scientific Naturalism’s Explanatory Power

•iv. The Problem of Religion’s Negative Impact on History

b. Objections to Christianity in Particular

•i. The Challenge of Biblical Criticism (Questioning Scripture’s Accuracy)

•ii. The Challenge of Biblical Content (Questioning Scripture’s Morality)

•iii. The Challenge of Pluralism (Questioning Scripture’s Exclusivity)

4. Offensive (Positive) Apologetics—Making an Affirmative Case for Christianity

a. Classical Apologetics

•i. The Cosmological Argument (Cause)

•ii. The Teleological Argument (Design)

•iii. The Anthropological Argument (Morality)

•iv. The Ontological Argument (Being)

v. Additional Arguments

•I. The Argument from Necessary Truths

•II. The Argument from Possibility

•III. The Argument from Desire

•IV. The Argument from Religious Experience

b. Evidential Apologetics

•i. The Evidence for Jesus’ Miracles and Resurrection

•ii. The Manuscript Evidence for the Integrity of the Scriptures

iii. The Archaeological Corroboration of Biblical Places and Events

Note: See “Biblical Archaeology” under “IV. Biblical Studies” above for a fuller treatment of archaeological scholarship.

•iv. The Ancient Prophecies Fulfilled in Jesus Christ

•v. The Radical Claims of Jesus Christ and Their Implications

•c. Presuppositional Apologetics / Reformed Epistemology

•d. Literary / Cultural / Imaginative / Narratival Apologetics

•e. Aesthetic Apologetics

•f. Cumulative Case Apologetics

•g. Fideism

5. Faith and Science

Note: For bioethical questions (e.g., cloning, genetic engineering, end-of-life issues, etc.), see the “Biomedical Ethics” section in “VI. Ethics and Public Faith.” For environmental questions, see the “Environmental Ethics” section in “VI. Ethics and Public Faith.” For AI-related questions, see the “Technology Ethics” section in “VI. Ethics and Public Faith.” For the doctrine of miracles and providence, see the “Providence” section under “Theology Proper” in “Dogmatic / Systematic Theology” above.

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. History of the Faith-Science Relationship

•c. Philosophy and Models of Relating Science and Theology

•d. Cosmology and Origins of the Universe

•e. Geology and the Age of the Earth

•f. Origins of Life

g. Evolution and Human Origins

•i. Young-Earth Creationism

•ii. Old-Earth / Progressive Creationism

•iii. Evolutionary Creationism / Theistic Evolution

•iv. Intelligent Design

•v. Adam, Eve, and the Historicity of Human Origins

•h. Neuroscience, Consciousness, and the Soul

•i. Quantum Physics and Theology

F. History of Doctrine

•1. By Theological Topic

•2. By Historical Period

VI. ETHICS AND PUBLIC FAITH

Ethics as a locus of systematic theology is treated here rather than as a separate section of “V. Theological Studies” to keep philosophical, theological, and applied / public ethics together in one category. For the raw biblical-exegetical treatment of various ethical issues, see the “Biblical Theology by Theme or Topic” section in “IV. Biblical Studies.”

A. Metaethics—The Sources, Meaning, and Nature of Morality

•1. Philosophical Foundations

•2. Theological Foundations

B. Normative Ethics—The Theories, Frameworks, and Principles of Morality

1. Consequentialism (Focuses on the Consequences of Actions)

•a. Utilitarianism

•b. Hedonism

•c. Egoism

•d. Asceticism

•e. Altruism

•f. Rule Consequentialism

•g. Negative Consequentialism

2. Deontology (Emphasizes Duties and Rules)

•a. Agent-Centered Deontology

•b. Patient-Centered Deontology

•c. Contractualist Deontology

•d. Kantian Deontology

3. Virtue Ethics (Promotes Character Development)

•a. Aristotelian Ethics (Practical Wisdom, Virtue, and Habituation)

•b. Eudaimonism (Human Flourishing and Fulfillment)

•c. Ethics of Care (Empathy in Relationships)

•d. Contemporary Virtue Ethics

•4. Natural Law (Grounds Morality in Human Nature and the Created Order)

•5. Divine Command Theory (Grounds Morality in the Will and Character of God)

C. Ethics Proper—The Application of Morality

1. Personal / Interpersonal Ethics

For Example: Honesty, Integrity, Respect, Fairness, Authenticity, Responsibility, Generosity, Loyalty, etc.

2. Professional Ethics

For Example: Accountability, Adherence to Laws and Policy, Competence, Confidentiality, Courteousness, Impartiality, Objectivity, Promptness, Sincerity, Trustworthiness, etc.

3. Communication Ethics

•a. Civility

•b. Persuasion

•c. Plagiarism

•d. Intellectual Property

•e. Journalism and the Media

•f. Censorship

•g. Cancellation / Deplatforming

5. Political Ethics (Policies)

•a. Criminal Justice

•b. Capital Punishment

•c. Discrimination and Inequality

•d. Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Merit

•e. Female Genital Mutilation

•f. Forced and Child Marriage

•g. Honor Killings

•h. Immigration and Assimilation

•i. Poverty and Access to Services

•j. Restrictions on Women in Certain Cultures

•k. Slavery and Trafficking

•l. Terrorism

•m. War and Peace

•n. Worker-Employer Relations

6. Biomedical Ethics

•a. Abortion

•b. Cloning

•c. Gender Reassignment Surgery

•d. Genetic Engineering

•e. End-of-Life Issues

•f. Patient Rights

•g. Pharmaceutical Testing

•h. Persistent Vegetative State

•i. Physician-Assisted Suicide

7. Environmental Ethics

•a. Animal Rights

•b. Clean Air

•c. Clean Water

•d. Climate Change

•e. Development Impact

•f. Energy Production, Use, and Waste

•g. Pollution and Waste Management

•h. Resource Exploitation

8. Technology Ethics

•a. Artificial Intelligence

•b. Data Privacy and Cyber Security

•c. Digital Rights

•d. Space Exploration

VII. HISTORICAL STUDIES

This category is for history and biography—the story of the church, the movements and denominations that compose it, and the wider world and religions among which it has lived. Primary texts from any period are classified in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study”; this category holds the historians’ accounts of them. Jewish literature of the Second Temple and rabbinic periods is likewise classified in III, while “Judaism” here is for the history, practice, and later development of the Jewish people.

A. General World History and Biography

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. Historiography and Philosophy of History

•3. Surveys and Compilations of World History

4. World History by Period

a. The Prehistoric Era (Beginning to 600 BC)

•i. The Stone Age

•ii. The Bronze Age

•iii. The Iron Age

b. The Classical Era (550 BC to AD 476)

•i. The Persian Empire

•ii. The Greek Empire

•iii. The Roman Empire

c. The Medieval Era (AD 476 to 1450)

•i. The Early Middle Ages

•ii. The High Middle Ages

•iii. The Late Middle Ages

d. The Early Modern Era (1450 to 1750)

•i. The Renaissance

•ii. The Reformation

•iii. The Age of Exploration

•iv. The Enlightenment

e. The Modern Era (1750 to Present)

•i. The Industrial Revolution

•ii. The World Wars

•iii. The Cold War

•iv. The Digital Age

B. Church History and Biography

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. The Early Church

•3. The Middle Ages

•4. The Reformation Era

•5. The Modern Era

•6. The Contemporary Era

C. Denominations and Movements

1. Catholic

•a. Latin Church (Roman Catholic)

•b. Eastern Catholic Churches

2. Orthodox

•a. Eastern

•b. Oriental

3. Anglican

•a. Anglican Communion

•b. Continuing Anglican Movement

4. Protestant

•a. Lutheran

•b. Reformed and Presbyterian

•c. Baptist

•d. Methodist / Wesleyan-Arminian

•e. Charismatic and Pentecostal

•f. Broadly Evangelical

•g. Anabaptist

•h. Independent / Nondenominational

•i. Networks and Alliances

D. Judaism

Note: This section is for the history, practice, and institutions of the Jewish people. The Jewish literature of every period—Second Temple, rabbinic, medieval, and modern—is classified in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study,” together with the scholarship devoted to it.

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History of Judaism

•3. Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism

•4. History of Medieval Jewish Philosophy

•5. History of Kabbalah

•6. Modern Judaism

E. World Religions

1. Comparative Religions

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. Hinduism

•c. Buddhism

•d. Jainism

•e. Sikhism

•f. Daoism

•g. Confucianism

•h. Zoroastrianism

•i. Islam

•j. Additional Expressions

2. New Religious Movements (19th–21st Century)

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. Mormonism / Latter-day Saint Movement

•c. Jehovah’s Witnesses

•d. Christian Science

•e. Seventh-day Adventism

•f. Bahá’í Faith

•g. Unification Church

•h. Scientology

•i. New Age Movements

•j. Neopaganism / Wicca

•k. Additional Expressions

VIII. APPLIED THEOLOGY

This category is for the practice of ministry and the Christian life (i.e., the work of the parish, the pulpit, the home, and the church’s engagement with the world). Its concern is what to do and how to do it; the doctrinal grounding for the same topics is classified in “V. Theological Studies” above.

A. Christian Living (Personal and Family)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Personal Spiritual Formation

•4. Personhood and Personality

•5. Self-Awareness and Self-Care

•6. Marriage and Family in the Home

•7. Vocation

•8. Recreation

B. Christian Literature (Background and Resources)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Spiritual Classics

•4. Devotional Literature

C. Christian Ministry (Local Parish)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Personal Calling and Preparation

•4. Pastoral Care and Parish Ministry

•5. Counseling, Psychology, and Therapy

•6. Leadership and Administration

•7. Christian Discipleship / Spiritual Formation

•8. Laity Mobilization

•9. Church Growth and Health

•10. Spiritual Warfare

D. Christian Worship (Liturgics)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Liturgy, Rites, and Ceremonies

•4. Music and Hymnody

•5. Symbols, Icons, and Artwork

•6. Architecture

•7. Performative Worship

•8. Pastoral Service Books and Resources

E. Christian Preaching (Homiletics)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

3. Homiletics Theory and Practice

•a. Theology of Preaching (The Why)

•b. Homiletical Method, Mechanics, and Varieties (The How)

•c. Occasions, Contexts, and Audience Adaptation (The When/Where)

•d. The Preacher’s Character, Development, and Resourcing (The Who)

•e. Christ-Centered Preaching and Advanced Homiletics (The Telos)

4. Sermon Collections

•a. Sermon Collections by Biblical Books

•b. Sermon Collections by Biblical Topics

•c. Sermon Collections by Occasions

•d. Sermon Collections by Preachers

F. Christian Mission (Local and World Outreach)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Evangelism and Discipleship

•4. Church Planting

•5. World Missions

G. Christian Faith and Culture (Building and Critiquing)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Theological Foundations and Approaches

•4. Cultural Critiques

•5. Human Flourishing

•6. Culture-Making

•7. Literature over Time to Engage

•8. Artwork over Time to Engage

•9. Film and Media Arts over Time to Engage

•11. Technology

12. Semiotics and Theo-Semiotics

•a. Introduction and Overview

•b. General Semiotic Theory Applied to Faith

•c. Sacred Semiotics / Theo-Semiotics

•d. Emerging and Futuristic Directions in Theology and Culture

H. Christian Education (Personal and Ministry Resources)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Educational Theory and Approaches

•4. Professional Theological Education

•5. Topic-Specific Resources

I. Christian Ecumenics (Dialog with Other Communities)

•1. Introduction and Overview

•2. History and Development

•3. Interfaith Dialog

•4. Interdenominational Dialog

IX. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS

This category is for holdings gathered by association rather than by subject—authors collected for their own sake, media items the library owns, and materials of personal interest. A work is classified here only when its place in the collection matters more than its topic; otherwise, it is classified by subject in the categories above.

A. Author Collections

Note: This section is for prominent authors who have been influential in the life of the owner or have been known to the owner.

•1. Chesterton, G. K.

•2. Lewis, C. S.

•3. Tolkien, J. R. R.

•4. Colleagues

•5. Former Students

•6. Acquaintances

B. Media Collections

Note: This section is for media items themselves (photos, audio recordings, videos, etc.) that the library owns. For scholarship engaging film and media arts as a cultural topic, see the “Film and Media Arts over Time to Engage” section in “VIII. Applied Theology.”

•1. Teaching Series Video Recordings

•2. Teaching Series Audio Recordings

•3. Films / Movies / Videos

•4. Photo Compilations

C. Personal Interest Collections

Note: This section is for the main interests and personal quirks of the owner.

•1. The Philadelphia Phillies

•2. The JFK Assassination

•3. Travel, Leisure, and Recreation

•4. Fun Stuff

X. APPENDICES

These lists index the contents of ancient corpora so that an individual work can be located within the collection that contains it. They are not holdings; the volumes themselves are classified in “III. Primary Sources and Their Study” above.

A. List of Old Testament Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books

1. Canonical for Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Ethiopian Orthodox Churches

•a. Tobit

•b. Judith

•c. Wisdom of Solomon

•d. Ben Sirach / Ecclesiasticus

•e. Baruch

•f. Letter of Jeremiah (in Baruch)

g. Additions to Daniel

•i. Prayer of Azariah

•ii. Song of the Three Young Men

•iii. Susanna

•iv. Bel and the Dragon

h. Additions to Esther (Dream, Edicts, Prayers, Expansion, Interpretation)

•i. Dream of Mordecai

•ii. Edict of Ahasuerus (Artaxerxes) against the Jews

•iii. Prayers of Mordecai and Esther

•iv. The King’s Anger at Esther’s Intrusion

•v. Edict of Ahasuerus (Artaxerxes) on Behalf of the Jews

•vi. Interpretation of Mordecai’s Dream

2. Canonical for Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches

•a. 1 Maccabees

•b. 2 Maccabees

3. Canonical for Greek Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox Churches

•a. Prayer of Manasseh (in 2 Chronicles) [Note: See “Pseudepigrapha” below.]

•b. 1 Esdras (in Ezra-Nehemiah)

•c. Psalm 151

4. Canonical for Greek Orthodox Churches

•a. 3 Maccabees [Note: See “Pseudepigrapha” below.]

•b. 4 Maccabees (as an Appendix) [Note: See “Pseudepigrapha” below.]

5. Canonical for Ethiopian Orthodox Churches

•a. Jubilees [Note: See “Pseudepigrapha” below.]

•b. 1 Enoch [Note: See “Pseudepigrapha” below.]

•c. 1 Maqabeyan

•d. 2 Maqabeyan

•e. 3 Maqabeyan

B. List of Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

2. Testaments

•a. Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs

•b. Testament of Job

•c. Testaments of the Three Patriarchs

•d. Testament of Moses

•e. Testament of Solomon

•f. Testament of Adam

3. Expansions of Old Testament and Legends

•a. The Letter of Aristeas

•b. Jubilees

•c. Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah

•d. Joseph and Asenath

•e. Life of Adam and Eve

•f. Pseudo-Philo

•g. Lives of the Prophets

•h. Ladder of Jacob

•i. 4 Baruch

•j. Jannes and Jambres

•k. History of the Rechabites

•l. Eldad and Modad

•m. History of Joseph

•n. Story of Melchizedek

4. Wisdom and Philosophical Literature

•a. Ahiqar

•b. 3 Maccabees

•c. 4 Maccabees

•d. Pseudo-Phocylides

•e. The Sentences of the Syriac Menander

5. Prayers, Psalms, and Odes

•a. More Psalms of David

•b. Prayer of Manasseh

•c. Psalms of Solomon

•d. Hellenistic Synagogal Prayers

•e. Prayer of Joseph

•f. Prayer of Jacob

•g. Odes of Solomon

6. Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works

•a. Philo the Epic Poet

•b. Theodotus

•c. Orphica

•d. Ezekiel the Tragedian

•e. Fragments of Pseudo-Greek Poets

•f. Aristobulus

•g. Demetrius the Chronographer

•h. Aristeas the Exegete

•i. Eupolemus

•j. Pseudo-Eupolemus

•k. Cleodemus Malchus

•l. Artapanus

•m. Pseudo-Hecataeus

C. List of Dead Sea Scroll Manuscripts

1. Qumran Caves (1947–1956)

a. Cave 1 (1Q): Discovered 1947, Natural Cave

The original find. ~70–75 manuscripts, several nearly complete.

•1QIsa^a Great Isaiah Scroll (Complete)

•1QIsa^b Second Isaiah Scroll (Fragmentary)

•1QS Community Rule (Serekh ha-Yahad)

•1QSa, 1QSb Appendices to the Rule

•1QM War Scroll (Milhamah)

•1QH^a Hodayot (Thanksgiving Hymns)

•1QpHab Pesher Habakkuk

•1QapGen Genesis Apocryphon

•1Q20–1Q72 Various Biblical and Sectarian Fragments

b. Cave 2 (2Q): Discovered 1952, Bedouin

~33 fragmentary manuscripts, mostly biblical (Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Jeremiah, Psalms, Ruth, Sirach) plus some apocryphal / sectarian pieces.

c. Cave 3 (3Q): Discovered 1952, Archaeologists, Natural Cave

~14 manuscripts, best known for:

•3Q15 Copper Scroll (List of Buried Treasure)

d. Cave 4 (4Q): Discovered 1952, Bedouin, Artificial Cave

The largest cache: ~15,000 fragments from roughly 500–580 separate manuscripts, about 90% of the total Qumran material. Includes:

•Biblical texts of nearly every book of the Hebrew Bible (except Esther)

•4QMMT (4Q394–399) Miqsat Ma’ase ha-Torah

•4Q175 Testimonia

•4Q246 “Son of God” Text

•4QDeut^q, 4QSam^a, and other important biblical witnesses

•Multiple copies of Community Rule, Damascus Document, Enoch, Jubilees, etc.

e. Cave 5 (5Q): Discovered 1952, Archaeologists

~25 manuscripts, including biblical and sectarian fragments (e.g., 5QRule of the Congregation-type texts, Lamentations, Kings).

f. Cave 6 (6Q): Discovered 1952, Bedouin

~31 manuscripts, mostly on papyrus. Includes fragments of Genesis, Kings, Psalms, Daniel, and sectarian works.

g. Cave 7 (7Q): Discovered 1955, Archaeologists

~19 fragments, all in Greek. Includes a fragment of the Septuagint text of Exodus (7Q1), notable for the (largely rejected) “7Q5 = Mark” hypothesis.

h. Cave 8 (8Q): Discovered 1955, Archaeologists

Small find: fragments of Genesis, Psalms, a mezuzah, and a phylactery.

i. Cave 9 (9Q): Discovered 1955, Archaeologists

A single unidentified papyrus fragment.

j. Cave 10 (10Q): Discovered 1955, Archaeologists

A single ostracon.

k. Cave 11 (11Q): Discovered 1956, Bedouin, Natural Cave

~21 manuscripts, several well preserved. Includes:

•11QT^a (11Q19) Temple Scroll (Longest Scroll, ~8.7 m)

•11QPs^a Psalms Scroll (with Apocryphal Psalms)

•11QtgJob Targum of Job

•11QMelch (11Q13) Melchizedek

l. Later find (2017)

A twelfth cave (“Cave 12”) was excavated near Qumran; it yielded jars and scroll wrappings but no intact texts (looted earlier).

2. Other Judaean Desert Sites (non-Qumran)

a. Wadi Murabba’at (Mur): Discovered 1951–52

~170 documents, mostly from the Bar Kokhba period (AD 132–135), including letters of Simon bar Kokhba and legal / economic papyri.

b. Nahal Hever (5/6Hev, 8Hev): Excavated 1960–61

Includes the “Cave of Letters”:

•Babatha Archive (Jewish Woman’s Legal Papers)

•Bar Kokhba’s Letters

•8HevXIIgr (Greek Minor Prophets Scroll)

c. Nahal Se’elim / Nahal Tze’elim (34Se) and Wadi Sdeir

Bar Kokhba-era fragments; some material later reclassified between these sites and Nahal Hever.

d. Nahal Arugot

Minor finds, Bar Kokhba period (AD 132–135).

e. Wadi Daliyeh

Samaria papyri (4th century BC), earlier and separate from the main Dead Sea Scrolls corpus but often catalogued alongside it.

f. Masada

~15 manuscripts from Herod’s fortress (destroyed AD 73/74), including a Ben Sira (Sirach) scroll, Psalms, Leviticus, Ezekiel, and a Song of the Sabbath Sacrifice fragment matching the Qumran version.

g. Khirbet Mird

Byzantine-period Christian and Arabic texts (6th–8th century AD), chronologically distinct, sometimes included in broader “Judaean Desert” catalogs.

D. List of Philo’s Works

•1. On the Creation

•2. Allegorical Interpretation, I

•3. Allegorical Interpretation, II

•4. Allegorical Interpretation, III

•5. On the Cherubim

•6. The Sacrifices of Cain and Abel

•7. That the Worse Is Wont to Attack the Better

•8. On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile

•9. On the Giants

•10. On the Unchangeableness of God

•11. On Husbandry

•12. Concerning Noah’s Work as a Planter

•13. On Drunkenness

•14. On the Prayers and Curses Uttered by Noah When He Became Sober

•15. On the Confusion of Tongues

•16. On the Migration of Abraham

•17. Who Is the Heir of Divine Things

•18. On Mating with the Preliminary Studies

•19. On Flight and Finding

•20. On the Change of Names

•21. On Dreams, That They Are God-Sent

•22. On Abraham

•23. On Joseph

•24. On the Life of Moses, I

•25. On the Life of Moses, II

•26. The Decalogue

•27. The Special Laws, I

•28. The Special Laws, II

•29. The Special Laws, III

•30. The Special Laws, IV

•31. On the Virtues

•32. On Rewards and Punishments

•33. Every Good Man Is Free

•34. On the Contemplative Life or Suppliants

•35. On the Eternity of the World

•36. Flaccus

•37. Hypothetica: Apology for the Jews

•38. On Providence: Fragment I

•39. On Providence: Fragment II

•40. On the Embassy to Gaius

•41. Questions and Answers on Genesis, I

•42. Questions and Answers on Genesis, II

•43. Questions and Answers on Genesis, III

•44. Questions and Answers on Exodus, I

•45. Questions and Answers on Exodus, II

•46. Concerning the World

•47. Other Fragments

E. List of the Mishnah’s Orders and Tractates

The Mishnah is organized into 6 orders (sedarim) with a total of 63 tractates (masekhtot):

1. Zeraim (Seeds): Agricultural Law and Blessings

•a. Berakhot

•b. Peah

•c. Demai

•d. Kilayim

•e. Sheviit

•f. Terumot

•g. Maasrot

•h. Maaser Sheni

•i. Challah

•j. Orlah

•k. Bikkurim

2. Moed (Festival): Sabbath and Holidays

•a. Shabbat

•b. Eruvin

•c. Pesachim

•d. Shekalim

•e. Yoma

•f. Sukkah

•g. Beitzah

•h. Rosh Hashanah

•i. Taanit

•j. Megillah

•k. Moed Katan

•l. Chagigah

3. Nashim (Women): Marriage and Vows

•a. Yevamot

•b. Ketubot

•c. Nedarim

•d. Nazir

•e. Sotah

•f. Gittin

•g. Kiddushin

4. Nezikin (Damages): Civil and Criminal Law

•a. Bava Kamma

•b. Bava Metzia

•c. Bava Batra

•d. Sanhedrin

•e. Makkot

•f. Shevuot

•g. Eduyot

•h. Avodah Zarah

•i. Avot

•j. Horayot

5. Kodashim (Holy Things): Sacrifices and Temple Service

•a. Zevachim

•b. Menachot

•c. Chullin

•d. Bekhorot

•e. Arakhin

•f. Temurah

•g. Keritot

•h. Meilah

•i. Tamid

•j. Middot

•k. Kinnim

6. Tohorot (Purities): Ritual Purity

•a. Kelim

•b. Oholot

•c. Negaim

•d. Parah

•e. Tohorot

•f. Mikvaot

•g. Niddah

•h. Makhshirin

•i. Zavim

•j. Tevul Yom

•k. Yadayim

•l. Uktzin

F. List of the Tosefta’s Orders and Tractates

The Tosefta is organized into six orders (sedarim) with a total of 59 tractates (masekhtot):

1. Zeraim (Seeds): Agricultural Law and Blessings

•a. Berakhot

•b. Peah

•c. Demai

•d. Kilayim

•e. Sheviit

•f. Terumot

•g. Maasrot

•h. Maaser Sheni

•i. Challah

•j. Orlah

k. Bikkurim

Note: 11 total; same as Mishnah.

2. Moed (Festival): Sabbath and Holidays

•a. Shabbat

•b. Eruvin

•c. Pesachim (Pisha)

•d. Shekalim

•e. Yoma (Kippurim)

•f. Sukkah

•g. Beitzah (Yom Tov)

•h. Rosh Hashanah

•i. Taanit

•j. Megillah

•k. Moed Katan

l. Chagigah

Note: 12 total; same as Mishnah.

3. Nashim (Women): Marriage and Vows

•a. Yevamot

•b. Ketubot

•c. Nedarim

•d. Nazir

•e. Sotah

•f. Gittin

g. Kiddushin

Note: 7 total; same as Mishnah.

4. Nezikin (Damages): Civil and Criminal Law

•a. Bava Kamma

•b. Bava Metzia

•c. Bava Batra

•d. Sanhedrin

•e. Makkot

•f. Shevuot

•g. Eduyot

•h. Avodah Zarah

i. Horayot

Note: 9 total; no Avot; Avot de-Rabbi Natan is sometimes considered its stand-in.

5. Kodashim (Holy Things): Sacrifices and Temple Service

•a. Zevachim

•b. Menachot

•c. Chullin

•d. Bekhorot

•e. Arakhin

•f. Temurah

•g. Keritot

h. Meilah

Note: 8 total; no Tamid, Middot, or Kinnim.

6. Tohorot (Purities): Ritual Purity

•a. Kelim

•b. Oholot

•c. Negaim

•d. Parah

•e. Tohorot

•f. Mikvaot

•g. Niddah

•h. Makhshirin

•i. Zavim

•j. Tevul Yom

•k. Yadayim

l. Uktzin

Note: 12 total; same as Mishnah.

G. List of the Babylonian Talmud’s Orders and Tractates

The Babylonian Talmud is organized into 6 orders (sedarim) with a total of 37 tractates (masekhtot) containing Bavli Gemara. While the Mishnah contains 63 tractates, the Babylonian Talmud provides full commentary on just 37 of them. Shekalim is listed below as a 38th entry because it appears in printed editions of the Bavli, though its Gemara is drawn from the Jerusalem Talmud.

1. Zeraim (Seeds): Agricultural Law and Blessings

a. Berakhot: Prayers and blessings

Note: The remaining 10 agricultural tractates (Peah, Demai, Kilayim, Sheviit, Terumot, Maaserot, Maaser Sheni, Challah, Orlah, Bikkurim) do not have Gemara in the Babylonian Talmud.

2. Moed (Festival): Sabbath and Holidays

•a. Shabbat: Sabbath restrictions and activities

•b. Eruvin: Property boundaries for Sabbath movement

•c. Pesachim: Passover laws and offerings

•d. Shekalim: Temple dues (Note: The Gemara used here in printed Talmuds is actually from the Jerusalem Talmud.)

•e. Yoma: Yom Kippur rituals and fasting

•f. Sukkah: Sukkot holiday and dwelling rules

•g. Beitzah: Laws governing festival days

•h. Rosh Hashanah: The Jewish New Year and Shofar laws

•i. Taanit: Public fast days

•j. Megillah: Purim and reading the Scroll of Esther

•k. Moed Katan: Rules for intermediate festival days

•l. Chagigah: Festival pilgrimage offerings

3. Nashim (Women): Marriage and Vows

•a. Yevamot: Levirate marriage

•b. Ketubot: Marriage contracts and marriage funds

•c. Nedarim: Vows and their annulment

•d. Nazir: Ascetic Nazirite vows

•e. Sotah: The ritual for a suspected unfaithful wife

•f. Gittin: Bills of divorce

•g. Kiddushin: Betrothal and marriage transactions

4. Nezikin (Damages): Civil and Criminal Law

•a. Bava Kamma: Torts, civil damages, and injuries

•b. Bava Metzia: Disputes over property, business, and wages

•c. Bava Batra: Real estate, inheritance, and partnerships

•d. Sanhedrin: The court systems and criminal justice

•e. Makkot: Rules of punishment and false witnesses

•f. Shevuot: Oaths taken in daily life or court

•g. Avodah Zarah: Laws relating to idolatry and foreign interactions

h. Horayot: Errors made by religious authorities

Note: Eduyot (testimonies) and Avot (ethical teachings) do not have Gemara in the Babylonian Talmud.

5. Kodashim (Holy Things): Sacrifices and Temple Service

•a. Zevachim: Animal offerings in the Temple

•b. Menachot: Meal and grain offerings

•c. Chullin: Secular slaughter and kosher dietary laws

•d. Bekhorot: Sanctification of firstborn animals and humans

•e. Arakhin: Valuations pledged to the Temple

•f. Temurah: Swapping or substituting sacrificial animals

•g. Keritot: Transgressions punishable by spiritual excision

•h. Meilah: Misappropriating sacred Temple property

i. Tamid: The daily morning and evening sacrifices

Note: Middot (Temple dimensions) and Kinnim (bird offerings) do not have Gemara in the Babylonian Talmud.

6. Tohorot (Purities): Ritual Purity

H. List of the Jerusalem Talmud’s Orders and Tractates

The Jerusalem Talmud is organized into 6 orders (sedarim) with a total of 39 tractates (masekhtot) containing Gemara (rabbinic commentary).

1. Zeraim (Seeds): Agricultural Law and Blessings

•a. Berakhot: Blessings and prayers

•b. Peah: Corners of the field for the poor

•c. Demai: Produce of doubtful tithing

•d. Kilayim: Forbidden mixtures

•e. Sheviit: The sabbatical year

•f. Terumot: Priestly heave-offerings

•g. Maasrot: Tithes

•h. Maaser Sheni: The second tithe

•i. Challah: Dough offering

•j. Orlah: Fruit of a tree’s first three years

•k. Bikkurim: First fruits

2. Moed (Festival): Sabbath and Holidays

•a. Shabbat: Laws of the Sabbath

•b. Eruvin: Sabbath boundaries

•c. Pesachim: Passover

•d. Shekalim: Temple dues (Note: has Gemara here, unlike in the Bavli.)

•e. Yoma: Yom Kippur

•f. Sukkah: Feast of Tabernacles

•g. Rosh Hashanah: New Year

•h. Beitzah: Festival laws

•i. Taanit: Fast days

•j. Megillah: Purim/scroll of Esther

•k. Chagigah: Festival offerings

•l. Moed Katan: Intermediate festival days

3. Nashim (Women): Marriage and Vows

•a. Yevamot: Levirate marriage

•b. Ketubot: Marriage contracts

•c. Nedarim: Vows

•d. Nazir: The nazirite vow

•e. Sotah: The suspected adulteress

•f. Gittin: Divorce documents

•g. Kiddushin: Betrothal

4. Nezikin (Damages): Civil and Criminal Law

•a. Bava Kamma: Civil damages

•b. Bava Metzia: Lost property, torts, usury

•c. Bava Batra: Property and inheritance law

•d. Sanhedrin: Courts and criminal law

•e. Makkot: Punishments/lashes

•f. Shevuot: Oaths

•g. Avodah Zarah: Idolatry

•h. Horayot: Erroneous rulings

•5. Kodashim (Holy Things): Sacrifices and Temple Service (Note: No Yerushalmi Gemara survives, or was ever composed.)

6. Tohorot (Purities): Ritual Purity

I. List of Rabbinic Midrashim

The Rabbinic Midrashim are arranged by type: halakhic midrashim by the biblical book they expound, haggadic midrashim by literary character, and later anthologies last. Within each group, works follow canonical or chronological order.

1. Halakhic (Legal) Midrashim

a. On Exodus

•i. Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael on Exodus

•ii. Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai on Exodus

b. On Leviticus

•i. Sifra Leviticus

c. On Numbers

•i. Sifre Numbers

•ii. Sifre Zuta (Numbers) Fragments

d. On Deuteronomy

•i. Sifre Deuteronomy

•ii. Sifre Zuta Deuteronomy (Citations)

•iii. Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael on Deuteronomy (Citations)

2. Haggadic (Narrative) Midrashim

a. Midrash Rabbah

Note: The ten Midrash Rabbah works cover the five books of the Torah and the five Megillot.

•i. Genesis Rabbah

•ii. Exodus Rabbah

•iii. Leviticus Rabbah

•iv. Numbers Rabbah

•v. Deuteronomy Rabbah

•vi. Song of Songs Rabbah

•vii. Ruth Rabbah

•viii. Lamentations Rabbah

•ix. Ecclesiastes Rabbah

•x. Esther Rabbah

b. Homiletical Midrashim

•i. Pesikta de-Rav Kahana

•ii. Pesikta Rabbati

•iii. Tanhuma (Printed and Buber Recensions)

•iv. Tanna debe Eliyahu (Seder Eliyahu Rabbah and Zuta)

c. Exegetical Midrashim on the Writings

•i. Midrash Tehillim (Psalms)

•ii. Midrash Mishlei (Proverbs)

•iii. Midrash Iyyob

•iv. Midrash Samuel

d. Narrative and Chronographic Works

•i. Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer

•ii. Seder Olam Rabbah

•iii. Seder Olam Zutta

•iv. Megillat Antiochus

e. Ethical and Esoteric Works

•i. Avot de-Rabbi Natan

•ii. Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva

f. Tannaitic Baraitot

•i. Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules

•ii. Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules

•iii. Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle

3. Later Compilations and Anthologies

•a. Yalkut Shimoni

•b. Midrash ha-Gadol

•c. Yalkut ha-Makhiri

•d. Bereshit Rabbati

•e. Midrash Aggadah

J. List of New Testament Apocryphal Books

1. Apocryphal Gospels

•a. Gospel of Thomas

•b. Egerton Gospel

•c. Gospel of Peter

•d. Gospel of the Hebrews

•e. Gospel of the Nazoreans

•f. Gospel of the Ebionites

•g. Gospel of Marcion (Evangelion)

•h. Protevangelium of James

•i. Gospel of Judas

•j. Gospel of Mary

•k. Gospel of the Egyptians (Sethian)

•l. Infancy Gospel of Thomas

•m. Gospel of Philip

•n. Gospel of Nicodemus (Acts of Pilate)

•o. Gospel of Bartholomew

•p. Infancy Gospel of Matthew (Pseudo-Matthew)

•q. Arabic Infancy Gospel

2. Apocryphal Acts

•a. Acts of Paul (incl. Acts of Paul and Thecla)

•b. Acts of John

•c. Acts of Andrew

•d. Acts of Peter

•e. Acts of Thomas

•f. Acts of Philip

3. Apocryphal Epistles

•a. Epistle to the Alexandrians (Marcionite, lost)

•b. Epistula Apostolorum (Epistle of the Apostles)

•c. 3 Corinthians (embedded in Acts of Paul)

•d. Letter of Peter to Philip

•e. Epistle to the Laodiceans

•f. Correspondence of Paul and Seneca

4. Apocryphal Apocalypses

•a. Apocalypse of Peter

•b. Apocalypse of Adam (Gnostic)

•c. First and Second Apocalypse of James

•d. Apocalypse of Paul (Visio Pauli)

•e. Apocalypse of Thomas